What Is A Pentose Sugar
Introduction
Pentose sugar is a component of nucleotides. Nucleotides are biological molecules that act as monomers and as subunits of Deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA. These biological molecules carry energy packets to the prison cell in the class of nucleoside triphosphate (ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP), which play a key function in metabolic processes.
Nucleotides are formed by combining a nitrogenous base of operations and a phosphate group with pentose sugar. The main polymer of nucleotides is nucleic acid. This sugar is found only subsequently the hydrolysis of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids naturally act as molecules that carry primary information in cells. In nucleic acids, this sugar and phosphates are connected to each other in an alternative chain (sugar-phosphate courage) by phosphodiester connection. And so it is very important as a component of nucleotides. Below is a description of its structure and part (three) & (4).
Pentose carbohydrate
Pentose sugar has five carbon atoms. The main basis of nucleic acid is carbohydrate. It is known as pentose sugar because information technology is pentagonal in shape with a carbon atom at its five corners. Examples of these sugars are deoxyribose sugar of Dna and ribose sugar of RNA. Its chemical formula is C₅H₁₀O₅ (2).
Ribose and deoxyribose are in linear class when they are gratis but are present every bit furanose form when they are in the function of nucleic acid. In add-on to ribose and deoxyribose, a few other examples of this blazon of sugars are D-Ribose, D-Arabinose, D-Xylose, D-Ribulose, D-Xylulose, etc. (1).
Brief description of the pentose sugar
There are two types of pentose sugar found in nucleic acid. These are ribose sugar and deoxyribose sugar. They have a five-membered ring in their construction. In improver to pentose sugar, a nucleic acid contains a nitrogenous base and phosphorus group. When the base of operations is combined with this sugar, a nucleoside is formed, such equally deoxyadenosine, adenosine guanosine, etc.
The nitrogenous bases that are present in the nucleic acid are purine and pyrimidine. In pyrimidine nucleoside, the nitrogen atom at position 1 of the pyrimidine ring is linked to carbon atom position i' of the pentose carbohydrate.
On the other hand, in purine nucleoside, the link is between nitrogen atom 9 of purine and carbon atom i' of the pentose saccharide. When a pentose sugar residue of a nucleoside is esterified with phosphoric acid then nucleotide is formed (i) & (ii).
Properties of a pentose carbohydrate
In that location are some properties of this sugar are discussed below
ane. These are monosaccharides that contain 5-carbon atoms.
ii. Ribose saccharide, a type of pentose sugar, is very important for photosynthesis, respiration, and nucleic acid synthesis.
3. This saccharide can form esters with a phosphate group.
four. It is located in the middle of the nucleotides.
5. These sugars are different in Dna and RNA. The difference between the pentose sugars of Dna and RNA is that ribonucleic acids comprise one hydroxyl group, whereas deoxyribonucleic acid contains but i hydrogen atom.
six. It forms 2 groups, aldopentoses, and ketopentoses.
7. This sugar molecule determines whether the nucleotide forms role of a DNA molecule or RNA molecule.
eight. The carbohydrate in Deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA is connected with nitrogenous bases. A nitrogenous base fastened with pentose sugar is known as a nucleoside.
nine. In pentose sugar, hemiacetals are formed within the aforementioned molecule between the alcohol groups and carbonyl groups.
10. Both ribose and deoxyribose sugar in pentose sugar are present in nucleic acid as the β-Furanoside ring structure (2).
Structure
Pentose sugar consists of v carbon atoms. It is also a type of monosaccharide. The monosaccharides are subdivided as trioses, tetroses, pentose, hexoses, depending upon the number of carbon atoms. And then the sugar belongs to the monosaccharides group.
These 5 carbon atoms are in the pentagonal structure. 1 carbon atom is present in each corner of this structure. The two primary functional groups associated with this carbohydrate are oft mentioned for binding carbon atoms.
The phosphate grouping of a nucleotide is attached to the 5- carbon cantlet of this sugar. There is a hydroxyl group too nowadays in information technology. This group is attached to the 3-no carbon atom of this sugar. The sugar present in DNA and RNA is mainly pentose saccharide.
At that place are mainly two bases of nucleic acids. These are Dna and RNA. The pentose sugars that are present in DNA are deoxyribose. And RNA has ribose sugar, which is a pentose carbohydrate. Ribose sugar is 1 more –OH grouping than deoxyribose. Phosphate residues are fastened to a 5' carbon hydroxyl grouping of sugar and a subsequent nucleotide to a three' carbon hydroxyl group of sugar, forming a 5'-3' phosphodiester (i).
Two important pentose sugar in nucleotides
1. Deoxyribose sugar
Deoxyribose is a pentose carbohydrate with five carbon atoms. Four of the five carbon atoms and a unmarried atom of oxygen are combined together to form a five-membered ring. The fifth carbon atom is located on the outside of the ring and forms a -CH₂ group. Carbon atoms of -CH₂ are numbered v'. Hydrogen atoms are attached with carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, and four. And at that place also present three –OH groups in this sugar. These –OH groups are located in the carbon atoms i, 3, and 5.
2. Ribose saccharide
Information technology is also a pentose saccharide that is nowadays in nucleotides. In that location is an –OH group instead of hydrogen on carbon atom ii' (ii) & (4).
Functions
- The main role of this sugar is to help in the formation of Dna and RNA.
- It is involved in protein synthesis as a regulator and goad of the procedure.
- This saccharide is used to store and produce energy in the body.
- It has been revealed to modulate the production of oxygen free radicals.
- Carbohydrate is very of import for Dna because phosphate and pentose sugar combine together to course phosphodiester.
- Information technology combines with one molecule of the nitrogenous base of operations to form a nucleoside.
- This sugar generates esters when they are combined with phosphate. They are known as phosphodiesters. It forms B-D ribose with band structure or B-D deoxyribose with ring structure nucleic acid (2) & (iii).
Written By: Manisha Bharati
Reference
1. Ajoy Paul. Zoology Honours, book- 1, Books & Allied (P) Ltd. Chapter: Nucleic Acids. Page no- 794 to 795.
2. L. Dutta. Inorganic Chemical science: Chemical Elements and their Compounds. Role- Two. The New Book Stall, Kolkata. Chapter: Chemical science of Nucleic Acids. Page No: 256 to 271.
What Is A Pentose Sugar,
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